三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報道
精彩| 近??(jin)年??(nian)來??(lai)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中?(zhong)國??(guo)”是??(shi)考??(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)界??(jie)使??(shi)用??(yong)較??(jiao)為??(wei)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)且??(qie)爭??(zheng)議??(yi)較??(jiao)大??(da)的??(de)語?(yu)匯??(hui)??。?分??(fen)歧??(qi)的?(de)主??(zhu)要??(yao)原??(yuan)因??(yin)在??(zai)于?(yu)考??(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)者??(zhe)對?(dui)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的?(de)角??(jiao)度??(du)和??(he)使??(shi)用??(yong)的??(de)標??(biao)準??(zhun)差?(cha)異??(yi)明??(ming)顯??(xian)??。目??(mu)前??(qian)對??(dui)應(yīng)??(ying)考??(kao)古?(gu)資??(zi)料??(liao)??，中??(zhong)國??(guo)考??(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)界??(jie)對??(dui)“最?(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”概??(gai)念??(nian)的??(de)理??(li)解??(jie)仍??(reng)存??(cun)在??(zai)較??(jiao)大??(da)分??(fen)歧??(qi)??。比??(bi)如??(ru)??，孫??(sun)慶??(qing)偉??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)認??(ren)為??(wei)??，從??(cong)何??(he)尊??(zun)銘??(ming)文??(wen)“宅??(zhai)茲?(zi)中?(zhong)國??(guo)”出?(chu)發(fā)??(fa)??，追??(zhui)溯??(su)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的?(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??，必??(bi)須??(xu)回??(hui)歸??(gui)到??(dao)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)和??(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)層??(ceng)面??(mian)來??(lai)思??(si)考?(kao)??，必??(bi)須??(xu)圍??(wei)繞??(rao)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)這??(zhe)個??(ge)核?(he)心??(xin)來?(lai)探??(tan)討??(tao)??。所??(suo)謂??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??，實??(shi)際??(ji)上??(shang)就??(jiu)是??(shi)中?(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最??(zui)早??(zao)凸??(tu)顯??(xian)??。黃??(huang)帝??(di)及??(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)代??(dai)表??(biao)了??(le)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最??(zui)初??(chu)自??(zi)覺??(jiao)??，標??(biao)志??(zhi)著?(zhe)“中??(zhong)國??(guo)”觀??(guan)念??(nian)的??(de)萌??(meng)芽??(ya)??，是??(shi)真??(zhen)正?(zheng)意??(yi)義??(yi)上??(shang)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國?(guo)”??。張??(zhang)國??(guo)碩??(shuo)先??(xian)生??(sheng)則??(ze)認??(ren)為??(wei)??，探??(tan)討??(tao)何??(he)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中?(zhong)國?(guo)”??，應(yīng)??(ying)具?(ju)備??(bei)位??(wei)于??(yu)黃??(huang)河??(he)流??(liu)域??(yu)、進??(jin)入??(ru)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)、文??(wen)化??(hua)地??(di)位??(wei)占??(zhan)據(jù)??(ju)優(yōu)??(you)勢??(shi)等??(deng)三??(san)項??(xiang)基??(ji)本?(ben)條??(tiao)件??(jian)??。綜??(zong)上??(shang)可??(ke)知??(zhi)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”基??(ji)本??(ben)是??(shi)由??(you)考?(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)者??(zhe)提??(ti)出??(chu)、使??(shi)用??(yong)并??(bing)在??(zai)考?(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)界??(jie)長??(chang)期??(qi)聚??(ju)訟?(song)不??(bu)止??(zhi)???？??(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)者??(zhe)對??(dui)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的?(de)角??(jiao)度??(du)和??(he)使??(shi)用??(yong)的?(de)標??(biao)準??(zhun)頗??(po)為??(wei)懸??(xuan)殊??(shu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)得??(de)出?(chu)的??(de)結(jié)??(jie)論??(lun)??，自??(zi)然??(ran)也??(ye)各??(ge)不??(bu)相??(xiang)同??(tong)???！ ∥??(xi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)建??(jian)立??(li)??，通??(tong)過??(guo)對??(dui)四??(si)土??(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)持??(chi)續(xù)??(xu)大??(da)規(guī)??(gui)模??(mo)的??(de)軍??(jun)事??(shi)征??(zheng)服??(fu)以??(yi)及?(ji)在??(zai)此??(ci)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)的??(de)大??(da)批??(pi)封??(feng)建??(jian)??，開?(kai)拓??(tuo)出??(chu)了??(le)空??(kong)前??(qian)廣??(guang)袤??(mao)的??(de)疆??(jiang)域??(yu)??。??特??(te)別??(bie)是?(shi)對??(dui)燕??(yan)、齊??(qi)、魯??(lu)、晉??(jin)、吳??(wu)等??(deng)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)國??(guo)的??(de)封??(feng)建??(jian)??，具??(ju)有??(you)重?(zhong)要??(yao)的??(de)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)略??(lve)意??(yi)義??(yi)和??(he)長??(chang)遠??(yuan)眼??(yan)光??(guang)??。周??(zhou)人??(ren)在??(zai)西??(xi)土??(tu)的??(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)??，大??(da)體??(ti)上??(shang)控??(kong)制??(zhi)了??(le)北??(bei)自?(zi)燕??(yan)山??(shan)以?(yi)南??(nan)??，東??(dong)部??(bu)濱??(bin)海??(hai)??，南??(nan)至?(zhi)江?(jiang)淮??(huai)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)的??(de)大??(da)片??(pian)國??(guo)土??(tu)??，從??(cong)而??(er)初??(chu)步??(bu)奠??(dian)定??(ding)了??(le)中??(zhong)國??(guo)古??(gu)代??(dai)統(tǒng)??(tong)一??(yi)的??(de)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)王??(wang)朝??(chao)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)的?(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)??。王??(wang)國??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)稱??(cheng)“中??(zhong)國??(guo)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)與??(yu)文??(wen)化?(hua)之??(zhi)變??(bian)革??(ge)??，莫??(mo)劇??(ju)于??(yu)殷??(yin)周??(zhou)之??(zhi)際??(ji)???！蓖??(tong)過??(guo)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)的??(de)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)的??(de)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟??(ji)的??(de)、文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)影?(ying)響??(xiang)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)牢??(lao)牢??(lao)地??(di)控??(kong)制??(zhi)了??(le)千??(qian)里??(li)邦??(bang)畿??(ji)和??(he)遼??(liao)闊?(kuo)的??(de)四??(si)土?(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)??，并??(bing)在??(zai)此??(ci)背??(bei)景?(jing)下??(xia)??，初??(chu)步??(bu)孕??(yun)育??(yu)了??(le)“溥??(pu)天??(tian)之??(zhi)下??(xia)??，莫??(mo)非??(fei)王??(wang)土??(tu)??，率??(lv)土??(tu)之??(zhi)濱??(bin)??，莫??(mo)非??(fei)王??(wang)臣??(chen)”的??(de)朦??(meng)朧??(long)的?(de)天?(tian)下??(xia)一??(yi)統(tǒng)??(tong)觀??(guan)念??(nian)??。在??(zai)周??(zhou)人??(ren)對??(dui)千??(qian)里??(li)邦??(bang)畿??(ji)和??(he)四??(si)土??(tu)、四??(si)方?(fang)有??(you)效??(xiao)行??(xing)使??(shi)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟??(ji)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)等??(deng)國??(guo)家??(jia)主??(zhu)權(quán)??(quan)的??(de)同??(tong)時??(shi)??，以祝(yi)夏??(xia)、商??(shang)、周??(zhou)為?(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)族??(zu)群??(qun)在??(zai)與??(yu)周??(zhou)邊??(bian)各??(ge)族??(zu)頻??(pin)繁?(fan)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟??(ji)往??(wang)來?(lai)和??(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)交??(jiao)流??(liu)過??(guo)程??(cheng)中??(zhong)??，以??(yi)中?(zhong)原??(yuan)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)所??(suo)在??(zai)的??(de)黃??(huang)河??(he)中??(zhong)下??(xia)游??(you)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)為??(wei)舞??(wu)臺??(tai)??，滲??(shen)透??(tou)混??(hun)融??(rong)??，增??(zeng)殖??(zhi)裂??(lie)變??(bian)??，民?(min)族??(zu)融??(rong)合??(he)空??(kong)前??(qian)加??(jia)速??(su)??，為??(wei)漢??(han)民?(min)族??(zu)的??(de)前??(qian)身??(shen)??，華??(hua)夏??(xia)民??(min)族??(zu)的??(de)形??(xing)成??(cheng)奠??(dian)定??(ding)了??(le)堅??(jian)實??(shi)的??(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)??。周??(zhou)初??(chu)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)家??(jia)在??(zai)對??(dui)四??(si)土??(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)進??(jin)行??(xing)控??(kong)制?(zhi)和??(he)管??(guan)理??(li)的??(de)過??(guo)程?(cheng)中??(zhong)??，不??(bu)斷?(duan)汲??(ji)取??(qu)歷??(li)史??(shi)經(jīng)??(jing)驗??(yan)教??(jiao)訓??(xun)??，“明??(ming)德??(de)慎??(shen)罰??(fa)”??，建?(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)維??(wei)護??(hu)西?(xi)周??(zhou)時??(shi)期??(qi)各??(ge)級??(ji)等??(deng)級?(ji)秩??(zhi)序??(xu)的??(de)禮?(li)樂??(le)制??(zhi)度??(du)??。周??(zhou)人??(ren)積??(ji)極??(ji)倡??(chang)導??(dao)并??(bing)長??(chang)期??(qi)實??(shi)踐??(jian)的??(de)“德??(de)”的??(de)觀??(guan)念??(nian)及??(ji)影??(ying)響??(xiang)周??(zhou)人??(ren)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)、文??(wen)化??(hua)等??(deng)方??(fang)方?(fang)面??(mian)面??(mian)的??(de)禮??(li)樂??(le)文??(wen)明??(ming)??，構(gòu)??(gou)成??(cheng)孔??(kong)子??(zi)仁??(ren)禮??(li)學??(xue)說?(shuo)的??(de)重??(zhong)要??(yao)源??(yuan)頭??(tou)??，并??(bing)匯??(hui)入??(ru)數(shù)??(shu)千?(qian)年??(nian)來??(lai)中??(zhong)國??(guo)傳??(chuan)統(tǒng)??(tong)文??(wen)化??(hua)的?(de)主??(zhu)干??(gan)??，成??(cheng)為??(wei)中??(zhong)華?(hua)民?(min)族??(zu)生??(sheng)生??(sheng)不??(bu)息??(xi)、發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)壯??(zhuang)大??(da)的?(de)豐??(feng)厚??(hou)滋??(zi)養(yǎng)??(yang)??，支??(zhi)撐??(cheng)著??(zhe)中??(zhong)華??(hua)民??(min)族?(zu)生??(sheng)生??(sheng)不??(bu)息??(xi)??，薪??(xin)火??(huo)相??(xiang)傳?(chuan)??。綜??(zong)上??(shang)可?(ke)知??(zhi)??，西??(xi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)才??(cai)可??(ke)以??(yi)稱??(cheng)得??(de)上?(shang)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學??(xue)、民??(min)族??(zu)學??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)和??(he)文??(wen)化?(hua)中??(zhong)國??(guo)意??(yi)義?(yi)上??(shang)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國?(guo)”??。
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