三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報道
精彩| “最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”概??(gai)念??(nian)的??(de)提??(ti)出??(chu)及??(ji)在??(zai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學??(xue)界??(jie)的??(de)爭??(zheng)訟??(song) 夏??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我?(wo)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早秘(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋??(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國??(guo)的?(de)兩??(liang)個??(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)?。??夏??(xia)商?(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無??(wu)可??(ke)爭??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)?。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部?(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來?(lai)的??(de)夏??(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體?(ti)制??(zhi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作?(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)?。《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓??(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾??(zhong)力?(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)?。”《史??(shi)記?(ji)·殷??(yin)本??(ben)紀??(ji)》則??(ze)說??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪??(duo)夏?(xia)國??(guo)??！痹??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目??(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國??(guo)語??(yu)·周??(zhou)語??(yu)上??(shang)》說??(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭??(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)?。”夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處?(chu)于?(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政??(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心?(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)?。張??(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦??(fu)》說??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷?(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常?(chang)厥?(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書?(shu)·盤??(pan)庚??(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于??(yu)今??(jin)五??(wu)邦??(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來??(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦?(bang)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野?(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都??(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝?(chao)滅??(mie)亡??(wang)?。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度?(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃?(nong)厚??(hou)的??(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)?(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余?(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期?(qi)的??(de)國??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯?(xian)的??(de)原??(yuan)始??(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)?。由??(you)于?(yu)地?(di)廣??(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國??(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)仍??(reng)只?(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)長?(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯?(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)?。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏?(shi)、商??(shang)王?(wang)對??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方??(fang)國??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)?(quan)力??(li)非?(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限??(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)?。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考??(kao)古?(gu)學??(xue)家??(jia)認??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的?(de)夏?(xia)王??(wang)國?(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存??(cun)?。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮?(feng)、楊??(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下?(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗??(gang)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和?(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共??(gong)同??(tong)體??(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方??(fang)類??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系??(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密??(mi)到?(dao)什??(shen)么??(me)程?(cheng)度??(du)??，我??(wo)們??(men)無??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)?。顯?(xian)然??(ran)??，夏??(xia)商??(shang)均?(jun)非??(fei)某?(mou)些??(xie)考?(kao)古??(gu)學?(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土??(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學??(xue)視??(shi)閾?(yu)下??(xia)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”?。
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