三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報道
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學(xué)??(xue)術(shù)??(shu)界??(jie)對?(dui)中??(zhong)國??(guo)文??(wen)明??(ming)起?(qi)源?(yuan)和??(he)早??(zao)期??(qi)發(fā)??(fa)展?(zhan)的??(de)研??(yan)究??(jiu)?，由??(you)來??(lai)已??(yi)久??(jiu)??。??近??(jin)年??(nian)來??(lai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)提??(ti)出??(chu)了?(le)進??(jin)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會??(hui)的??(de)新??(xin)的??(de)標??(biao)準??(zhun)?，即??(ji)生??(sheng)產(chǎn)??(chan)發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)?，人??(ren)口??(kou)增??(zeng)加??(jia)?，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)城??(cheng)市??(shi)；社??(she)會?(hui)分??(fen)工??(gong)?，階??(jie)層??(ceng)分??(fen)化??(hua)?，出??(chu)現(xiàn)?(xian)階??(jie)級秘(ji)；權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)不??(bu)斷??(duan)強??(qiang)化??(hua)?，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)王?(wang)權(quán)??(quan)和??(he)國??(guo)家??(jia)??。盡??(jin)管??(guan)迄??(qi)今??(jin)中??(zhong)國??(guo)學(xué)?(xue)術(shù)??(shu)界??(jie)尚??(shang)未??(wei)有??(you)對?(dui)文?(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)標??(biao)志??(zhi)一??(yi)致??(zhi)的??(de)答??(da)案??(an)?，但??(dan)學(xué)?(xue)者??(zhe)們??(men)幾?(ji)乎??(hu)異??(yi)口??(kou)同??(tong)聲??(sheng)地??(di)贊??(zan)同??(tong)馬?(ma)克??(ke)思?(si)主??(zhu)義??(yi)經(jīng)?(jing)典??(dian)作??(zuo)家??(jia)“國??(guo)家??(jia)是??(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會??(hui)的??(de)概秘(gai)括??(kuo)”的?(de)論??(lun)斷??(duan)?，認??(ren)為??(wei)國?(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)出?(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)是?(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)的??(de)標??(biao)志??(zhi)??。既??(ji)然??(ran)如??(ru)此??(ci)?，黃??(huang)帝??(di)及??(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)?，或??(huo)公??(gong)元??(yuan)前??(qian)4000年??(nian)左??(zuo)右??(you)的??(de)廟??(miao)底??(di)溝??(gou)時??(shi)代??(dai)?，正??(zheng)處?(chu)于??(yu)人??(ren)類??(lei)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)所??(suo)說?(shuo)的??(de)氏??(shi)族??(zu)部?(bu)落??(luo)階??(jie)段??(duan)?，或??(huo)者??(zhe)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)新??(xin)石??(shi)器??(qi)時??(shi)代??(dai)早??(zao)中??(zhong)期??(qi)?，或??(huo)即秘(ji)蘇??(su)秉??(bing)琦??(qi)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)“古??(gu)國?(guo)”時??(shi)代??(dai)或??(huo)滿??(man)天??(tian)星??(xing)斗?(dou)時??(shi)代?(dai)?，既??(ji)然??(ran)該??(gai)階??(jie)段??(duan)尚??(shang)未??(wei)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)中?(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)嚴??(yan)格??(ge)意??(yi)義?(yi)上??(shang)的??(de)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)?，尚??(shang)未??(wei)步??(bu)入??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家?(jia)、歷??(li)史??(shi)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的?(de)文??(wen)明?(ming)時??(shi)代?(dai)?，無??(wu)論??(lun)任??(ren)何??(he)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)圈??(quan)或??(huo)文??(wen)化??(hua)相??(xiang)互??(hu)作??(zuo)用??(yong)圈??(quan)?，顯??(xian)然??(ran)都??(dou)不??(bu)能??(neng)稱??(cheng)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??。 夏??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我?(wo)國??(guo)歷?(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早??(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋??(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國??(guo)的??(de)兩??(liang)個?(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國?(guo)家?(jia)??。??夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無??(wu)可??(ke)爭??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而?(er)??，在??(zai)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)?(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上?(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來??(lai)的??(de)夏??(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體??(ti)制??(zhi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍?(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)??。《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓??(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王?(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾?(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)???！薄妒??(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本??(ben)紀??(ji)》則??(ze)說??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力?(li)??，率?(lv)奪??(duo)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??。”在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人?(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目?(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國??(guo)語??(yu)·周??(zhou)語??(yu)上??(shang)》說?(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭??(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)???！毕??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處??(chu)于?(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政??(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心?(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張??(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦??(fu)》說?(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·盤??(pan)庚?(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于?(yu)今?(jin)五??(wu)邦??(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來?(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就?(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野??(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻?(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都??(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝?(chao)滅??(mie)亡??(wang)??。正??(zheng)因?(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商?(shang)國??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的?(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)?(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘?(can)余??(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)的??(de)國??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)?(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯??(xian)的?(de)原??(yuan)始?(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣??(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國??(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏?(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)仍??(reng)只??(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的?(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)長?(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏?(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方??(fang)國??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行?(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限??(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定?(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)認??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭?(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭?(tou)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國??(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存?(cun)??。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊??(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗??(gang)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共?(gong)同??(tong)體?(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方?(fang)類??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系??(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密?(mi)到??(dao)什??(shen)么??(me)程??(cheng)度?(du)??，我??(wo)們??(men)無??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏?(xia)商??(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某?(mou)些??(xie)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)?(xue)者??(zhe)所?(suo)稱??(cheng)土??(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為?(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的?(de)“最??(zui)早?(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??。
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責編：楊之光
審核：吉尼
責編：呂程平